How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. (TPO33, 53)
anthropologist /??nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 考古学家
分析：
这个句子主干是：
从句 is not certain, but anthropologists have discovered 从句
修饰一：(How the first governments took shape in these areas)，从句
中文：第一个政府在这些地区如何形成
修饰二：(studying the evolution of human communities)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰anthropologists
中文：研究人类群体进化
修饰三：(in various parts of the world)，介词短语，相当于形容词，修饰humancommunities
中文：在世界不同地区
修饰四：(that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.)，从句
在这个从句中，还有两个介词短语：
of what are called “big men” ，称之为“ big man”
within a single village or a collection ofvillages.在单个或一些村落中
中文：在这个过程中的一个共有阶段就是单个或一些村落中被称之为“ big man”的出现
参考翻译：
第一个政府在这些地区如何形成还无法确定，但研究世界不同地区人类群体进化的人类学家发现在这个过程中的一个共有阶段，就是单个或一些村落中被称之为“ big man”的出现。