英语陷阱
He is a bicycle doctor. 他是单车修理工。
此句不能译作:“他是个骑单车的医生”,因句中的doctor是委婉语(euphemism),是对某种职业的美称,故 不作“医生”解,而是表示repair man的涵义。
委婉语起源于远古,维多利亚女王时代中期为其鼎盛时期,在现代英语中,其出现频率依然颇高,因为人们通过委婉语,可以用温顺悦耳的词语去谈论或叙述一些原来令人不快或 听来逆耳之事物。为此,他们用domestic help, day help 或live-in help代替maid或servant(佣人);以custodian 或superintendent替代doorkeeper, caretaker或 janitor(看门人或管理人);用She has a tile loose或She has a cylinder missing去代替She is crazy或she is not right in the head(神经失常)。 委婉语多如恒河沙数,不胜枚举,在此略举数例,以见一斑:
无线电修理工: 原称 radio electrician 委婉语 radio doctor
理发师: 原称 barber 委婉语 cosmotologist
农庭妇女: 原称 housewife 委婉语 household esecutive
收垃圾工人: 原称 garbage collector 委婉语 sanltary engineer
老年: 原称 old age 委婉语 secibd childhood
老人: 原称 old people 委婉语 senlor citizens
假牙: 原称 false teeth 委婉语 dentures
小解: 原称 piss 委婉语 urinate/number one
最后请看几个委婉类例:
Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym.
如今有不少胖人喜欢到健身房去锻炼。
That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing.
那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢看肚皮舞。
They are the culturally deprived.
他们是没有学识的人。
A library of teaching materials for preventing teenage suicides will open foreducators in Hong Kong this year.
今年香港将为教师开设一家图书馆以提供防止青少年自杀的教学资料。
值得注意的是,委婉语虽然是“古已有之,于今为烈”,但决不能用得过多过滥。使用时要考虑场合和对象,如用得不得体,反而会使你“欲礼而不达。”甚至今人不知所云,一头雾水。
You cannot be too careful. 你要特别小心。
此句不能按照字面译作:“你不能过分小心。”因为cannot...too是个固定结构,其义为“无论如何……也不过分”。如用英语阐述,上句相当于:You should be as careful as possible。我们在学习英语的时候,遇到这类实际意义与其字面意义大相径庭的句子,必须小心区别, 正确地理解其涵义。下面请看几个类例:
we cannot recommend this book too strongly.
这本书很好,无论我们如何推荐也不过分。
You can't be too careful in doing this experiment.
在做这个实验时,你们愈仔细愈好。
One cannot be too careful in matters like that.
人们在处理这种事情时必须非常慎重。
要注意的是,cannot...too有几个变体结构,我们可以用impossible,difficult等字去代替cannot;以 enought, difficulty, sufficiently, exaggerate, to over-等 字去替代too。
下面的一些句子就是“cannot...too”结构的变体:
I could't get home fast enough.
我恨不得马上回到家里。
You cannot take sufficient care.
你要特别小心。
The importance of this session cannot be exaggerated.
这次大会极为重要。
No man can have too many friend.
朋友愈多愈好。
L. G. Alexander编著的New Concept English第二 册其中一课“Do You Call That a Hat?”中有这么一段风 趣的夫妻对话,丈夫和妻子都用了这个句型的变体:
“I find it beautiful,” I said. “A man can never have too many ties.”
“And a woman can't have too many hats,”she answered.
“这条领带很漂亮,”我说道。“男人的领带愈多愈好。”
“女人的帽子也是愈多愈好啊,”她答道。
Do you know how to service this new-type machine?
你知道怎样维修这种新型的机器吗?
这一句不能译作:“你知道怎样使用这台新型的机器吗?”如要表达此义,应该说:Do you know how to serve this new-type machine?
在现代英语里,出现了一种用名词作动词的倾向。 例如:to paper one's room;to bottle the fruit;to bandage up a wound;to oil a machine;to position a factory near the town;to pressure him to do so等等。然而,某些名词作动词使用时,与原有动词的涵义有所不同,上面所述的to service和to serve的区别就是一个典型的例子。试对比下列各组词的不同涵义:
to power 为……提供动力
to empower 为……授与权力
to site 为……提供场所
to situate 位于;处于
to package 给……打包装箱(美语)
to pack 给……包装
to loan 贷款
to lend 出借;出租
to decision 根据积分评定
to decide 决定;判决
应当在此指出,把名词作动词使用时必须要符合一条准则,那就是在找不到适当的动词表示涵义时,才能用名词作动词,否则就是滥用。因此,以to message代替 to send a message to;用to bill替代to charge to one's account;以to signature代替to sign或用to suspicion 去替代to suspect都是不妥当的。然而,我们又应该注意到,在现代英语中,把名词作为动词使用的现象是很普遍的,而且有日渐增多的倾向。
下面是一些从英美书刊中信手拈来的例子:
Tom has his car serviced (=maintained) regularly.
Mr. Smith has authored (=written) a book on AIDS.
You must pressure (=force) him to do it.
Her dress is pattermed upon (=made from) a paris model.
Dick is the man who used to partner Mary.
Opposition to the war snowballed.
We shall book through to Hong Kong.
Don't fool away your time, my boy!
Mr. Smith noons for half an hour every day.
They have husbanded their farms very well.
Students in Hong Kong can view a collection of more than 1oo rare species of goldfish in the Ocean park.
读者们不难从上面的例子看出,用名词作动词可以带来一种新鲜感,能唤起人们的注意并给人们留下一个逼真生动的画面。
He is a good sailor.
他不会晕船。
此句不能译作:“他是一个好水手”。如要表达此义, 应该说:He is a skilled seaman.
He is a good sailor,的真正涵义是:He is not liable to seasickness.或He is seldom seasick in rough weather.因此,a good sailor的内涵是:“不会晕船”。
四十年代出版的一本《英汉四用辞典》把He is a good sailor,译作:“他是好水手”是不妥当的,因为它没 有把这个句子的真正涵义表达出来。
下面是关于会晕船和不会晕船的两段对话:
what kind of sailor are you?
I'm a bad sailor.(或I'm not much of a sailor.)
你晕不晕船?
我会晕船的。
Are you a good sailor? 你会晕船吗?
Yes, I'm a good sailor. 我不会晕船。
从上面的例句可看出a bad sailor是a good sailor的相对语,因此,它也不能照字面译作:“一个坏水手”,而应译为:“会晕船”或“容易晕船”。请再看下面几个例句:
Lao Li is a bad teacher.(或Lao Li is not much of a teacher.)
老李不善于教书。
Xiao wang is a good learner.
小王善于学习。
John is a good thief.
约翰的偷窃本领很高明。
从上述例句可以看到,good和bad是表示“能力的大小”和“动作的特征”,是用来指“航海”、“教书”、“学习”、“偷窃”的动作特征,而不是指人的道德品质而言,因 此,a good thief的内涵是someone who thieves well;a good learner的内涵是someone who learns well.其余 可以类推。
英语有句名谚:A bad workman always blames his tools.(自己笨,怪刀钝)句中的bad也不是指workman 的品德不好,而是“笨手笨脚”的涵义。a bad workman 是“能工巧匠”的反语,可译作:“技艺差的工匠”。同理,a bad driver是“驾驶技术拙劣的司机”;a bad nurse是“不称职的护士”。在其他的场合里,“bad”还可能译为:“不胜任的”、“令人不满意的”、“差劲的”。总之,bad和 good的译法必须根据具体的场合和搭配词才能选定。
You are being insulting her!
你是在故意侮辱她!
这一句不能译作:“你现在在侮辱她!”,如要表达此 意,应该说:You are insulting her!
为什么are being insulting会表示“故意侮辱”的涵义呢?在回答这个问题之前,让我们先对比一下下列两句的不同涵义:
She is kind.
She is being kind.
从表层的结构看,She is kind的语义是“她是和蔼的”,从深层结构看,is kind是说明主语的特性和品质,其内在涵义是:“她平日待人一向和蔼可亲”。She is being kind的表层语义是:“她现在是和蔼的”,从深层结构看,being表示“目前”或“现在”的短暂涵义,它说明主体有意识进行的一个动作,故其内在涵义为:“她平日待人并不和蔼;现在却故意装出一副和蔼可亲的模样”。在这种句型里,being的意义相当于“故意地”(purposely or intentionally)。
Edgar Snow在A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung一文中有这么一句: The Red Guard had insisted that if you didn't have things around,you were being anti-Mao.
这里的being也是表示“故意”的涵义,为此,现有的中译本把它译作:“红卫兵坚持说,如果你周围没有这些 东西,你就是反毛。”

最新回复
山佳水茂 (2008-7-17 11:40:34)
They are being friendly.他们捏出一副友好的姿态。
Tom is being polite. 汤姆装出一副彬彬有礼的模样。
Mary is being angry with me. 玛丽对我装作发脾气的样子。
Dick is being awkwaid.狄克故意在找别人的麻烦。
They are being difficult.他们在故意作梗。
He is being naughty, isn't he? 他是在故意捣蛋,是吗?
“Mary, you're so pretty today”-“You're just being polite.” “玛丽,你今天真美。”——“你真会说话。”
最后一句的You're just being polite.是回答别人 称赞的用语,相当于It's nice of you to say so,故将其译作:“你真会说话”。
我们通过she is kind. 和She is being kind.的对比, 可以由此及彼,举一反三地想到:
She is good(helpful,a fool,an angel,a nuisance...)≠She is being good (helpful, a fool, an angel, a nuisance...)
因为She is being good=She is behaving well.
最后还需在此补充一句:表示状态的时候,“be”不能用于进行体。例如,我们不可以说:The Japanese sumo star Akebono is being fat.(只能说……is fat)
Your little daughter was stood in the doorway.有人把你的小女儿放在门口。或:你的小女儿当时正站在门口。
很奇怪,这一句话可以表达两种截然不同的涵义。根据标准英语(standard Engiish),was stood是一般过去时,被动语态,故译作:“有人把你的小女儿放在门口”。但在英国某些地方的方言里,甚至包括某些受过高等教育的人在内,把stood作为standing解,将was stood视作主动语态,从而把该句译为:“你的小女儿当时正站在门口”。
下面举一个类例,供读者参考:
she was sat by the fire reading a novel.有人把她安排在火炉旁看小说。(标准英语译法)
若按英国地方方言,把was sat识作was sitiing或was seated,则可译作:“她正坐在火炉旁看小说。”
为了避免产生歧义,我们在讲话或写文章时,最好不用上述的句型,把它改作下面两句为宜:
Your little daughter was placed in the doorway.或:Your little daughter was standing in the doorway.
无独有偶,在美国英语里(American English),我们也发现类似的语言现象。例如,有些美国人把及物动词set当作不及物动词用,他们说:Please set down and rest your bones.
显而易见,这里的Please set down就是等于Please sit down。实际上,前者是Please set yourself down的省略形式或变体,他们把作宾语用的人称代词yourself省略了。语法学家和主张语言纯正的人(purists)是反对这种英语的。尽管如此,有些美国人又把不及物动词sit当作及物动词set使用,他们会说出这样的英语:
Sit the baby down.
Sit him in the chair.
在过去几十年中,美国学校的英语教师不断地教导学生说:a setting hen是错误的英语,应把setting改为sitting,但很多人依旧我行我素,还是说a setting hen。也许美国农民比较守旧吧,他们说道:I don't care whether the hen is setting or sitting.I want to know when she cackles whether she's laying or lying.香港人听了之后会把眼睛睁得像铜铃一样大问道:“喂,卢教授,你有没有搞错呀?!”笔者斗胆说一句:“有没有搞错。This is what we call 'living English'。”
You can find doctors and doctors in HongKong!在香港,既有好医生,也有坏医生。
这一句不能译作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的医生”。
英语和汉语一佯,词的重复(repetition)是一种修辞手段。一般说来,它表达强调语势,突出语义,以收到音调和谐、生动有力的修辞效果。例如:
Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace.老爷们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。
(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )
Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over.斯克罗奇又上床睡觉,左思右想,想个不休。
但是,在某些场合下,将某些词重复,并不是要收到突出语义的效果,而是为了表示“不同类型”的涵义。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.的语义就相当于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong.该句的语义重点放在“也有坏医生”上。
下面是两个类例:
There are artists and artists.既有好的艺术家,也有坏的艺术家。
You should know that there are books and books。你们要知道,书有好坏之分,既有好书,也有坏书。
这里要指出,当一个名词不止重复一次时,它是表示“大量的”、“许多的”涵义。例如有那么一个句子:
There were rats and rats and rats all over the house.当然不能把它译为:“以前这幢房子里有各种各样的老鼠”。更不能把它译作:“以前这幢房子里既有坏老鼠,也有好老鼠”。正确的译法是:“从前这幢房子里到处都是老鼠”。
还要在此补充一句,如果名词性短语用作状语重复一次,并不是表示“不同类型”的涵义,而是要收到加强语气、突出语义的效果。例如Charles Dickens写的Oliver Twist里有这么一句:
"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet,dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago,and that'll keep me there, day and night, day and night, till I die!"
Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。”
They do not advocate pragmatism.他们不主张实事求是。
此句不能译作:“他们不搞实用主义”,如要表达此意,可说:They will not base their policies on expediency.
在现代英语中,有一批数量相当可观的词语,它们宛如“时髦服装”一样,人们在社会交际时争相使用,因而被称之为“时髦词”(vogue words)。
有时候,因为用得太多太滥,造成了误用或误解。例如,pragmatism原为哲学用语,是“实用主义”之意,后来,人们把这个词用作“实事求是”的意思,
相当于matter-of-factness。又如I feel guilty并不是“我感到有罪”,而是“我感到过意不去”。How goes the enemy?不是“敌人怎样了?”而是“现在几点钟啦?”guilty和enemy在这里也是“时髦词”。
下面请看几个类例:
It is technically legal.它看来合法,其实不然。
(technically不作“从技术的角度看”解,而是表示“从表面看”之义,相当于outwardly或superficially)
Hopefully,we will get to the show on time.运气好的话,我们可以赶上开演。
Their opposition put him on the spot.他们的反对使他陷于困境。
I have no use for films like that.我不喜欢那样的电影。
My mother had a time trying to get my younger sister to bed.我妈妈花了好大的劲才把妹妹哄到床上去睡觉。
Our delegation is made up of twenty people from a wide spectrum of professions.我们的代表团由各种不同职业的二十名成员组成。
山佳水茂 (2008-7-17 11:40:56)
现在请读者想一下reasonable,input和calibre在下列三个句子中的涵义:
We will arrive home at a reasonable hour.
They need your input.
A lot of educators in Hong Kong have warned of a decline in the calibre of students entering the Colleges of Education.
He is an English student.他是一个英国学生。或:他是一个学英语的学生。
如同其他的语言一样,英语的重音和语调(即超音段成份)在区别词义和语义方面起着重要的作用。例如在He is an English student.一句中,我们在讲话时把重音放在English student两个词上,其义为“他是一个英国学生”,如将重音放在English一个字上,其义就含糊了,这时候,它既可以表示第一种涵义,等于He is a student of English nationality.(as opposed to some other nationality)也可以表示第二种涵义,等于He is a student of English.(as opposed to another language)为了避免含糊起见,人们在讲话时,往往说He is a student of English nationality.或He is a student of English.而不用He is an English student.这种模棱两可的句子。
同理,我们可以把student这个字变为teacher。如果我们说:He is an 'English 'teacher.其义为“他是一个英国教师”(但不一定教英语)。假如说:He is an 'English teacher.其义是:“他是一个英语教师”(不一定是英国人或中国人)。为了避免歧义,人们通常用:He is a teacher of English.来代替He is an English teacher.以表示“他是一个英语教师”的涵义。值得注意的是,假如在He is an English teacher.这个句子中,我们把句子重音放在teacher这个字上,其义就是“他是一个教英语的英国教师”(强调他的身分是教师,不是学生)。因此,我们在讲话时,超音段成份要使用得当,否则就会引起误解。下面再举两例,以见一斑:
He is a mad doctor.他是精神病科的医生。
He si a mad doctor.他是患有精神病的医生。
We propose to start from Tsuen Wan at seven o'clock.我们的意思是七点钟从荃湾出发。或:我们要在七点钟从荃湾出发。
此句不宜译作:“我们建议在七点钟从荃湾出发”,如要表达此意,应说:We propose starting from Tsuen Wan at seven o'clock.
在英语里,表示“意向”(intention)的动词,如intend,pla,propose,其后接动词不定式或动名词时,涵义有所不同。一般说来,动词不定式所表达的涵义比动名词明确,并含有“决定”、“决心”的意味,动名词的涵义不如不定式那么明确和确实,语气也比较婉转。因此,We propose to start from Tsuen Wan at seven 0'clock.的意味是:We have made up our minds to start from Tsuen Wan at seven.而用动名词propose starting的一句则表示Let's start from Tsuen Wan at seven if that meets with your approval. 的意思。
下面再请看一个类例:
She does not intend to pay the bill this month.其意为:She has made up her mind not to pay the bill this month.如将does not intend to pay改为does not intend paying,其言外之急是:It is only her mental plan. She may change her mind if she is persuaded not to do so,即:“她有不付账的念头,但并不是很坚决,如有人劝她,她可能会改变主意而去付账”。同样,在语气和涵义上,What do you propose to do about it?比What do you propose doing about it?明确而坚决,后者的语气比较婉转,是征求对方意见的口吻。因此,在“意向”(intention)动词之后,动词不定式表示one's decision 成fixed intention的意味,动名词则表示asking for permission or opinion或something not yet decided的涵义。
另外,如果用suggest,虽然它和propose同义,也是意向动词,但用法有所不同,suggest后面只能接动名词,不可接动词不定式作宾语。例如,我们可以说:I suggest starting the work at once. 不能说:I suggest to start the work at once. 下列的一些动词,如同suggest一样,其后只能授动名词,不可以接动词不定式,需要记住:acknowledge,avoid,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,mind,missing,pardon,postpone,practise,recollect,resent,resist,risk,shun,understand等。
下列的一些动词则如同propose一样,其后既能按动名词,又能按动词不定式作宾语:intend,plan,start,begin,cease,continue,neglect等。但接动名词和接不定式在涵义和修辞色彩上往往有细微的差别。例如在start和begin之后,动名词表示“意愿”(即主观上打算去做某事);动词不定式则表示“非意愿”(即并不是主观上打算去做某事)。试比较下面两个句子:
After giving a thought to the matter he started writing a letter to the Hong Kong Cultural Centre.
It has started to rain.
"When do you expect them?""你想他们什么时候会来?"
"I expect them this afternoon.""我想他们今天下午会来."
这两句不能译作:"你什么时候等你们?"--"我今天下午等他们."
一般的英汉词典大都将expect译作"期待"和"等待",实际上, 在某些场合下,expect的真正涵义是"现在认为(或相信)某一事将会发生", 相当于英语的to believe or think that something will happen. 因此,上面两句中的expect不能译作:"期待"或"等待",这两个句子相当于:
When do you expect them to come?
I expect them to come this afternoon.
现在请注意下列句子的汉译:
Do you expect him at Kowloon City Pier? 你想他会在九龙城码头吗?
I expect to see your brother there. 我预料会在那里见到你的兄弟.
You are expected tomorrow. 希望你明天来.
They arrived before I expect. 我没料到他们会到得这么早.
I didn't expect you till five o'clock. 我知道你要到五点钟才会来.
在另一些场合下, expect强调客观的可能性, 不涉及到主观愿望. 例如:
Everybody must expect to grow old. 每一个人都要变老的.
在口语里, expect还可以作"想像","认为"解, 相当于suppose或think.例如:
Who did it? --I expect it was Xiao Li.
这是谁干的? -- 我想是小李干的.
Is there any lobsters in Jumbo today? --I expect so.
今天"珍宝"酒家有龙虾吗? --我想会有的.
Do you think they will object?-- I expect they will, though I wish they wouldn't.
照你看他们会反对吗? -- 依我看, 他们会反对的, 虽然我希望他们不反对.